This page is about sociological reflections of a subject :
The Surveillance
(webdev note : is suppose tgt tn.neo.org/article/surveillance when the project will be clean)
translation : english to french / fr to eng (?)
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Surveillance : collection and processing of personal datas ; targeted, close observation of individuals or groups to detect, prevent, or record specific behaviorMonitoring : tracking and measuring project progressControl : analyzing that data and taking action to fix problems"Watch over" : protection, moral criterias and proscription (enables and constrains), care and control (David Lyon, 2001.)
Surveillance : history and evolution (contemporary)
The Hawthorne effect is a psychological and behavioral phenomenon where individuals modify or improve an aspect of their behavior simply because they know they are being observed, studied, or receiving extra attention
being visibly monitored by cameras significantly impacts an instinctive (and involuntary) aspect of human sensory perception
Prison and society : J. Bentham's panopticon (project of a prison architecture in which prisoners are under all-seeing gaze of an inspector)
Digital society [°◉] (article) : citizen in connected system society operate the datafication of environment through online activities (daily use of mobile phone = generate metadatas = leave inprint in a digital society)
smart city = urban area that uses digital technologies, sensors, and data to improve the quality of life, sustainability, and efficiency of public services.
cyberplace = interconnected digital environment, virtual places on the Internet.
technology offer convenience
Technology & Society : Rising of mass surveillance
computering and technologies : establishment of advanced infrastructures : surveillance capacities has grown esponentially
Electronic, computer databases, store and process personal information, algorithms...
The computer and technologies settled in our societies accelerate the process of monitoring the everyday routines and producing people as objects ("reification")
Social implication of political surveillance in society and citizen's life
-> "surveillance society", "new surveillance" (Gary T. Marx'studies ) : the use of computer technologies does indeed make a difference in the police work in the USA.
relationship between citizens and the state
"Surveillance served as a display of heightened state power"
____ sociological approaches
reflex of capitalism (monitoring workers in the factory) (source : The Electronic Eye, David Lyon)
- Karl Marx : Overseeing and monitoring workers as a mean of maintening managerial control behalf of capital
- Max Weber : modern organizations develop means of storing and retrieving data in the form of files (frequently contain personal information, so government administrators can "keep tabs" on populations) as part of the quest of efficient practice within bureaucracy.
- Michel Foucault : modern societies have developed rational means of ordering society that effectively dispense with traditional methods like brutal public punishment. The modern institutions employ a range of disciplinary practices which ensure that life continues in a regularized, patterned way.
- Anthony Giddens : locate processes of surveillance whitin modern society as one of its major institutional dimensions
____
" conditions of surveillance capitalism, those who hold, manage, and control the personal data of digital citizens are offered unprecedented insights into our lives, minds, and bodies" ; privacy tends to reduce mass surveillance
The surveillance reinforce social and economical division.
Constrain and control
"Big Brother" fictional phenomenon from George Orwell (dictatory authorities are spying citizen in their everyday life and command them through telescreen technologies)
Surveillance and society (citizenship, people):
"tracking people", "intrusive practices", "social control", "targeted populations"
Those who have done nothing wrong, who are not marginal, excluded and have nothing to hide or fear are defined as model citizen. They don't question the fact that surveillance can cause harm to vulnerable people in society.
The question of how power is distributed in society
"regimes of monitoring" = technological direction (developments in video, encryption, biometric techniques, facial recognition)
Acts that get the attention of authorities : "for whom these activities are significant." ; an undefine definition of the deviant act (norme et déviances) : reaction of an authority who defines it as harmful and enact it as illegal.
Distinction between acceptable and unacceptable behaviour
Surveillance : private and public informations
civic rights, protection de la vie privée / protection of private life = General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
Privacy and the private sphere : boundaries, domestic life.
Control and the intrusion of government in privacy sphere ("visites domiciliaires")
Are cameras placed in public places respect the GDPR (EU,BE)?- informations are from IA (google.com)
Key GDPR and Legal Principles:
- Purpose Limitation : Cameras must serve a specific, legitimate objective, such as public safety, preventing crime, or managing public disturbances. Surveillance cannot be implemented without a valid reason.
- Proportionality : The system must be necessary and not excessively intrusive. For instance, private areas (such as windows or front doors of adjacent houses) must be systematically masked out.
- Transparency and Information : The public must be clearly informed of the surveillance. A regulated pictogram must be visibly posted at the entrance of the monitored zone.
- Limited Data Retention : Recorded footage can generally be stored for a maximum of 30 days, unless it serves as evidence in an ongoing investigation.
- Data Security : Access to the footage must be strictly secured and restricted to authorized personnel or police services.
Administrative Obligations :
- Prior Declaration : In Belgium, any public camera system must be declared at least one day before activation via the official Declaration Camera Platform.
- Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA) : Public authorities or entities must conduct a prior risk assessment to evaluate the impact of the surveillance on citizens' privacy.
- Register : The data controller must maintain a register detailing the technical aspects and operations of the video processing.
"digital citizenship would require adequate protection of Internet users’ basic rights, such as freedom of expression and privacy"
"regulatory framework for secure online interactions"
"Who surveil ? Who can access these datas ?"
Government and authorities can monitoring population to preserve their private enrichment, patrimony and power. They also can decide to set up monitoring technologies in strategic places to watch and control suspect (or what they define as deviant) movements.
Public services can monitoring to prevent degradation, illegal activities and crimes but they mean to film all the people who are using the public spaces.
A store or an individual can monitoring with cameras to protect their goods from the potential intruders when no one is watching.
The one who own the informations and knowledge have the power. It means abuses of power can exist because the human is curious ("voyeurism"), subjective and not neutral.
Financement (advertising/ads, public services financement "securitarism")
Digital society [°◉]
Surveillance on social media : police use sns to track, identify, and monitor potentially dangerous individuals who can be a threat to society = political movements are also counted.
Surveillance can lead to the act of control. From online datas and posts stored on the servers of social media platforms, an authority can identify individual and know personal, professional and citizen informations.
Surveillance and system (legal rules, regimes, organisation) :
capitalism, system enclosure
political, economical
relationships, values
mobility, speed, security, consumption
Surveillance system installed in places : "the predictive policing"
indoor/outdoor (indoor : people wants to protect their private space. / outdoor : people wants to prevent danger and dissuade potential intruders)
commerces/stores (commercial companies place cameras to locate in the event of theft, monitor a large area, monitor when no one is working)
law enforcement /prison (surveillance in police station, prison, courthouses and public places are to prevent potential crimes)
public transport (to prevent malfunctioning, illegal acts)
No oneevades surveillance although some sectors are more heavily targeted than others. (stigmatisation of zones)
Surveillance technology / Surveillance system (ex : camera monitoring)
Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras placed in city centres and other spaces (e.g. airports, highways, the workplace)
Intelligent surveillance system (ISS) (article) : automatical analyze image, video, audio or other type of surveillance data without or with limited human intervention.
"The IA is racist ! : it creates categories of potential future criminals"
Surveillance technologies are dependent on an electrical circuit.
Surveillance became an object of commercialisation : (article)
developement by corporates who sell material = security business = security market
Advantages and disavantages :
modernisation of society : convenience and efficiency for public order and security
reduce accidents, troubles to keep the peacefulness of society
prevent crimes and terrorism
Collecting datas for statistics to enhances life chances
unstable and unpredictable (IA autonomy)
Surveillance and security :
- security (= protects from intentional or malicious threats)
- safety (= protects from accidental or unintended harm)
Surveillance and relation to risk, people are conscious of dangerosity.
Surveillance & health : body check, datas are improving researches-
'supervision = actively guiding, teaching, and managing people to help them improve'
but installing a surveillance system in an environment where some individuals have specific mental health disorders; this phenomenon can indeed exacerbate cases of psychosis or social anxiety by exerting additional pressure through the presence of cameras.
Is surveillance/control improve the distrust of citizen in our contemporary society ?
Does the perceived surveillance heighten the awareness of danger ?
What are the goals of surveillance ? Do citizen actually accept mass surveillance ? (studies in China, Poland and west Europe)
Is technology-based surveillance permanent or obselete ? Until when / what event can change the mass surveillance ?
Are they alternatives to surveillance exist ? (education system, alternative to protection...)
sources :
Hintz, Arne , Dencik, Lina and Wahl-Jorgensen, Karin 2017. Digital citizenship and surveillance society - introduction. International Journal of Communication 11 , pp. 731-739.
David Lyon, The Electronic Eye: The Rise of Surveillance Society, University of Minnesota Press, 1994.
David Lyon, Surveillance society : Monitoring everyday life, United Kingdom, Open University Press, 2001.
Key themes (David Lyon, 2001) : coordination, risk, privacy, power
"(...) the coordination of social activities in time and space, the growing perception and production of risk, the role of privacy in generating as well as trying to contain surveillance, and the question of how power is redistributed in surveillance societies (...)"
Galič, M., Timan, T. & Koops, BJ., Bentham, Deleuze and Beyond: An Overview of Surveillance Theories from the Panopticon to Participation, Philos. Technol. 30, 9–37, 2017.
I. Pavlidis, V. Morellas, P. Tsiamyrtzis and S. Harp, "Urban surveillance systems: from the laboratory to the commercial world," in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 89, no. 10, pp. 1478-1497, Oct. 2001.
Jonathan Mathew Finn, Capturing the Criminal Image: From Mug Shot to Surveillance Society, University of Minnesota Press, 2009.
John Gilliom, Torin Monahan, SuperVision: An Introduction to the Surveillance Society, University of Chicago, 2013.
Michel Foucault, Surveiller et punir : Naissance de la prison, France, 1975.
Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze, "Les intellectuels et le pouvoir", 1972.
Miran Božovič, The Panopticon Writings, 1995.
Oscar H. Gandy, Jr., The Surveillance Society : Information Technology and Bureaucratic Social Control, Journal of Communication, Summer 1989.